The exact relationship between urolithiasis and common urologic tumors, which have multiple pathophysiological risk factors, is unknown. Our study aimed to provide evidence about the relationship between urolithiasis and common urinary tumors by analyzing data from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.

The relationship between urolithiasis and common urological tumors was assessed by weighted multivariate adjusted logistic regression using data from NHANES 2007-2018.Subsequently, a two-sample MR study was performed using genome-wide association study (GWAS) pooled statistics to determine the causal relationship between urolithiasis and prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers. Major inverse variance weighting (IVW) and other complementary MR methods were performed to verify the causal relationship between urolithiasis and common urologic tumors. Sensitivity analysis was used to confirm the robustness of the results.

A total of 706 participants (479 with prostate cancer, 78 with kidney cancer, and 149 with bladder cancer) participated in our observational study in NHANES. Weighted multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses showed that kidney stones in urolithiasis were significantly associated with prostate carcinogenesis in the univariate condition (p<0.0001 OR,2.49 [95% CI, 1.78-3.49]), but not in the multivariate condition (p, 0.16 OR,1.32 [95% CI 0.89-1.96]); for bladder carcinogenesis both in the univariate condition (p<0.0001 OR,3.15 [95% CI, 1.88-5.26]) and in the multivariate condition (p, 0.03 OR,1.85 [95% CI, 1.08 -3.17]) were significant; for renal cell carcinoma both in the univariate and multivariate condition.

In Mendelian randomization analyses, urolithiasis was causally associated with the development of prostate and bladder cancers and not with kidney cancer, and in nhanes analyses, there was a significant correlation between renal stones in urolithiasis and the development of bladder and kidney cancers, while there was no significant correlation with the development of prostate cancer.