Bladder cancer is a significant health concern globally, with varying incidence rates across regions. In Southeast Asia (SEA), the incidence is lower compared to Western countries but has been increasing over the past few decades. We aim to analyze the trends and challenges in managing bladder cancer in SEA, focusing on incidence rates, risk factors, treatment outcomes, and healthcare disparities.

We conducted a retrospective analysis using data from the latest GLOBOCAN information and available national cancer registries across SEA countries. We examined age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), mortality rates, and common risk factors such as smoking and occupational exposures.

Our analysis revealed that the ASIR for bladder cancer in SEA ranges from 2.4 to 3.1 per 100,000, significantly lower than in Western regions. Notably, Thailand and Vietnam have experienced substantial increases in incidence rates over the past few decades, with a reported 265% increase from 1990 to 2021 across the region. Smoking remains the most significant risk factor, while certain occupational exposures, such as those to aromatic amines, also play a crucial role. The highest incidence rates in Thailand were observed in regions like Rayong, with an ASR of 7.0 for males. Healthcare disparities and late-stage diagnosis at presentation are major challenges in the region, contributing to varying outcomes across countries. For instance, a significant percentage of patients in Indonesia presented with muscle invasive or advanced diseases.

Bladder cancer in SEA presents unique challenges due to rising incidence rates and limited access to advanced treatments. Enhancing public awareness, expanding treatment access, and regional collaboration are crucial for improving outcomes in the region.