Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in men globally. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing unnecessary treatments. However, traditional diagnostic methods, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, digital rectal examination (DRE), and biopsy, have limitations regarding sensitivity, specificity, and the risk of overdiagnosis. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to address these challenges by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and personalizing treatment approaches in prostate cancer management. This study explores the integration of AI technology into the diagnostic pathway of prostate cancer, focusing on its current applications, benefits, and challenges.

A qualitative review of literature was conducted to explore the development and application of AI in prostate cancer diagnosis. Key studies evaluating AI technologies, such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, were reviewed. These studies primarily focused on AI integration into imaging modalities, such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and biopsy guidance, and AI’s role in predicting cancer aggressiveness. Industry reports and expert opinions were also analyzed to assess the current state and future prospects of AI in urology.

AI has increasingly been incorporated into diagnostic practices for prostate cancer. Machine learning and deep learning algorithms have demonstrated superior performance in analyzing mpMRI scans, identifying clinically significant prostate cancers (Gleason score ≥ 7) with higher sensitivity and specificity than conventional methods. AI-driven tools are also improving biopsy accuracy by targeting areas of suspicion, reducing unnecessary biopsies and providing more precise tumor localization. AI’s role in predicting cancer aggressiveness offers potential for personalized treatment plans, helping clinicians better stratify patients based on risk. However, challenges in implementing AI include the need for large datasets, standardized imaging protocols, and validation in diverse patient populations.

AI is rapidly becoming a key tool in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. With the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, reduce unnecessary interventions, and support personalized treatment approaches, AI could revolutionize prostate cancer care. Overcoming the current challenges related to integration, validation, and ethical concerns will be crucial for the widespread adoption of AI in clinical practice. As AI continues to evolve, it promises to significantly enhance the precision and efficiency of prostate cancer diagnosis, ultimately improving patient outcomes.