Prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia are prevalent diseases that impair men's health globally; large-scale mortality spikes, as the COVID-19 pandemic, may have an effect on the pattern of these conditions.

The present study utilized GBD 2021 methodology and data, incorporating GBD 2021 analytical and modeling methodologies. We adopted the Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 to assess the prevalence and burden of prostate diseases. Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates were utilized for determining the prevalence and attributable burden.

Globally, there were 13787.56 (95% UI: 10907.86 to 17015.02) thousand instances of benign prostatic hyperplasia with an ASIR of 326.12 (95% UI: 258.88 to 400.32) per 100000 people, and 1324.38 (95% UI: 1217.32 to 1400.22) cases of prostate cancer with an ASIR of 34.05 (95% UI: 31.27 to 36) per 100000 population in 2021. While the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) for benign prostatic hyperplasia remained stable between 1990 and 2021 and both the ASMR and ASDR for prostate cancer declined, there appears to have been an increase in the overall number of deaths and DALYs from prostate diseases in 2021 compared to 1990. High sociodemographic index (SDI) regions generally have the highest prevalence and attributable burden of prostate cancer but the lowest ASIR and ASDR of benign prostatic hyperplasia, despite the fact that no clear correlations between the prevalence and burden of prostate diseases and the SDI were found at the regional or national level. While prostate cancer has been slightly prevalent in Low SDI regions over the past thirty years, its age-standardized burden has risen to its highest among all regions ever since 2015, surpassing High SDI regions. Globally, smoking is still the most significant risk factor for prostate cancer. For the first time, dietary practices are recognized as risk factors for prostate cancer. A negative correlation is discovered between the burden of prostate cancer attributable to a diet low in milk and SDI values.

The absolute burdens of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia are predicted to increase in the upcoming years due to global population aging, underscoring the need of anticipating and preparing for future pressure on the health system. Dietary habits, which have been shown to impact the progression of many different diseases, also significantly increase the risk of prostate cancer, particularly in developing nations. Governments should give the changes in food habits brought about by globalization and the growth of most countries' economies more consideration.