Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition marked by urgency, frequency, nocturia, and incontinence. Current treatments, such as antimuscarinics and neuromodulation, often provide limited relief and carry side effects. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel approach, aiming not just to suppress symptoms but to repair underlying bladder dysfunction through regeneration. This systematic review evaluates the current evidence and future potential of stem cell applications in OAB treatment.

A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases as of March 2025. Studies included were preclinical or clinical investigations assessing the use of stem cells for OAB, including their type, delivery route, efficacy, and mechanisms of action. Data were extracted and synthesized to assess therapeutic outcomes and identify consistent patterns across studies.

A total of 6 studies were included. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) were the main types used. All studies reported improvements in bladder function, including increased micturition interval and volume, and reduced urinary frequency and non-voiding contractions. Histological findings showed detrusor muscle regeneration and decreased fibrosis. MSCs induced neural repair, marked by upregulation of Nestin, N200+, Oct4, Stella, and Sox. ADSCs and their microvesicles reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, lowering TNF-α, MDA, and NGF levels. One clinical study showed reduced OAB symptom scores and improvements in urgency, frequency, and incontinence. Compared to solifenacin, one of the current treatments for OAB that works by blocking muscarinic receptors, MSCs showed greater effects on bladder contractility and tissue recovery.

Stem cell therapy offers regenerative benefits that address the root causes of OAB, surpassing current symptom-based treatments. Preclinical findings are consistent and promising, and early clinical data suggest potential for meaningful symptom relief. Further controlled human trials are essential to establish safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes.